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   >>> url.host
   u'github.com'
   >>> secure_url = url.replace(scheme=u'https')
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    `file an issue`_!

    Args:
        text (unicode): Text representing the scheme.
           (the 'http' in 'http://hatnote.com')
        uses_netloc (bool): Does the scheme support specifying a
           network host? For instance, "http" does, "mailto" does
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    returned with no changes applied.

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    URL has characters which should not be percent decoded.

    >>> _percent_decode(u'abc%20def')
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    Args:
       text (unicode): Text with percent-encoding present.
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          Section 2.1. See :func:`_decode_path_part` for an example.
       subencoding (unicode): The name of the encoding underlying the
          percent-encoding. Pass `False` to get back raw bytes.
       raise_subencoding_exc (bool): Whether an error in decoding the bytes
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r�cCs^|sdSz|�d�}Wntk
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    the host text is not ASCII, it is returned unchanged, as it is
    presumed that it is already IDNA-decoded.

    Some technical details: _decode_host is built on top of the "idna"
    package, which has some quirks:

    Capital letters are not valid IDNA2008. The idna package will
    raise an exception like this on capital letters:

    > idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 ... not allowed

    However, if a segment of a host (i.e., something in
    url.host.split('.')) is already ASCII, idna doesn't perform its
    usual checks. In fact, for capital letters it automatically
    lowercases them.

    This check and some other functionality can be bypassed by passing
    uts46=True to idna.encode/decode. This allows a more permissive and
    convenient interface. So far it seems like the balanced approach.

    Example output (from idna==2.6):

    >> idna.encode(u'mahmöud.io')
    'xn--mahmud-zxa.io'
    >> idna.encode(u'Mahmöud.io')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "/home/mahmoud/virtualenvs/hyperlink/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna/core.py", line 355, in encode
        result.append(alabel(label))
      File "/home/mahmoud/virtualenvs/hyperlink/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna/core.py", line 276, in alabel
        check_label(label)
      File "/home/mahmoud/virtualenvs/hyperlink/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna/core.py", line 253, in check_label
        raise InvalidCodepoint('Codepoint {0} at position {1} of {2} not allowed'.format(_unot(cp_value), pos+1, repr(label)))
    idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004D at position 1 of u'Mahmöud' not allowed
    >> idna.encode(u'Mahmoud.io')
    'Mahmoud.io'

    # Similar behavior for decodes below
    >> idna.decode(u'Mahmoud.io')
    u'mahmoud.io
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    u'méhmoud.io'
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    Returns:
       list: a new list of path segments with the '.' and '..' elements
          removed and resolved.

    .. _RFC 3986 section 5.2.4, Remove Dot Segments: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4
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    is the appropriate :mod:`socket` module constant when the host is
    an IP address. Family is ``None`` when the host is not an IP.

    Will raise :class:`URLParseError` on invalid IPv6 constants.

    Returns:
      tuple: family (socket constant or None), host (string)

    >>> parse_host('googlewebsite.com') == (None, 'googlewebsite.com')
    True
    >>> parse_host('::1') == (socket.AF_INET6, '::1')
    True
    >>> parse_host('192.168.1.1') == (socket.AF_INET, '192.168.1.1')
    True
    )Nrr7zinvalid IPv6 host: %r (%r)N)rrrrr�r�r)r�ZseZfamilyrrr�
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edd��Zedd��Zedd��ZdOdd�Zd d!�Zd"d#�Zd$d%�Zed&d'��Zeeeeeeeeef	d(d)�Zed*d+��ZdPd-d.�Zd/d0�Zd1d2�ZdQd3d4�Zd5d6�Zd7d8�ZdRd9d:�Z d;d<�Z!d=d>�Z"e#�rLe"Z$e Z%ne"Z&e Z$eZ'eZ(ed?d@��Z)dSdAdB�Z*dCdD�Z+dTdEdF�Z,dUdGdH�Z-dIdJ�Z.edfdKdL�Z/dS)V�URLa�	From blogs to billboards, URLs are so common, that it's easy to
    overlook their complexity and power. With hyperlink's
    :class:`URL` type, working with URLs doesn't have to be hard.

    URLs are made of many parts. Most of these parts are officially
    named in `RFC 3986`_ and this diagram may prove handy in identifying
    them::

       foo://user:pass@example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret#nose
       \_/   \_______/ \_________/ \__/\_________/ \_________/ \__/
        |        |          |        |      |           |        |
      scheme  userinfo     host     port   path       query   fragment

    While :meth:`~URL.from_text` is used for parsing whole URLs, the
    :class:`URL` constructor builds a URL from the individual
    components, like so::

        >>> from hyperlink import URL
        >>> url = URL(scheme=u'https', host=u'example.com', path=[u'hello', u'world'])
        >>> print(url.to_text())
        https://example.com/hello/world

    The constructor runs basic type checks. All strings are expected
    to be decoded (:class:`unicode` in Python 2). All arguments are
    optional, defaulting to appropriately empty values. A full list of
    constructor arguments is below.

    Args:
       scheme (unicode): The text name of the scheme.
       host (unicode): The host portion of the network location
       port (int): The port part of the network location. If
          ``None`` or no port is passed, the port will default to
          the default port of the scheme, if it is known. See the
          ``SCHEME_PORT_MAP`` and :func:`register_default_port`
          for more info.
       path (tuple): A tuple of strings representing the
          slash-separated parts of the path.
       query (tuple): The query parameters, as a dictionary or
          as an iterable of key-value pairs.
       fragment (unicode): The fragment part of the URL.
       rooted (bool): Whether or not the path begins with a slash.
       userinfo (unicode): The username or colon-separated
          username:password pair.
       uses_netloc (bool): Indicates whether two slashes appear
          between the scheme and the host (``http://eg.com`` vs
          ``mailto:e@g.com``). Set automatically based on scheme.

    All of these parts are also exposed as read-only attributes of
    URL instances, along with several useful methods.

    .. _RFC 3986: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
    .. _RFC 3987: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987
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        >>> URL.from_text(u'http://example.com/pa/th').port
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        >>> URL.from_text(u'foo://example.com/pa/th').port
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        >>> url.authority(with_password=True)
        u'user:pass@localhost:8080'

        Args:
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        Args:
           scheme (unicode): The text name of the scheme.
           host (unicode): The host portion of the network location
           port (int): The port part of the network location.
           path (tuple): A tuple of strings representing the
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           query (tuple): The query parameters, as a tuple of
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           query (tuple): The query parameters, as a dictionary or
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           fragment (unicode): The fragment part of the URL.
           rooted (bool): Whether or not the path begins with a slash.
           userinfo (unicode): The username or colon-separated
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           uses_netloc (bool): Indicates whether two slashes appear
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           URL.from_text(u'?a=b&x=y')

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        .. note::

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        * Resolve any "." and ".." references in the path (`RFC 3986 6.2.2.3`_)
        * Ensure an ending slash on URLs with an empty path (`RFC 3986 6.2.3`_)
        * Encode any stray percent signs (`%`) in percent-encoded
          fields (path, query, fragment, userinfo) (`RFC 3986 2.4`_)

        All are applied by default, but normalizations can be disabled
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        name.

        Args:
           scheme (bool): Convert the scheme to lowercase
           host (bool): Convert the host to lowercase
           path (bool): Normalize the path (see above for details)
           query (bool): Normalize the query string
           fragment (bool): Normalize the fragment
           userinfo (bool): Normalize the userinfo
           percents (bool): Encode isolated percent signs
              for any percent-encoded fields which are being
              normalized (defaults to True).

        >>> url = URL.from_text(u'Http://example.COM/a/../b/./c%2f?%61%')
        >>> print(url.normalize().to_text())
        http://example.com/b/c%2F?a%25

        .. _RFC 3986 3.2.2: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2
        .. _RFC 3986 2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3
        .. _RFC 3986 2.1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1
        .. _RFC 3986 6.2.2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2.3
        .. _RFC 3986 6.2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3
        .. _RFC 3986 2.4: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.4

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            >>> child_url = url.child(u"c", u"d")
            >>> child_url.to_text()
            u'http://localhost/a/b/c/d?x=y'

        Args:
           segments (unicode): Additional parts to be joined and added to
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           >>> url.click(u'/post/155074058790').to_text()
           u'http://blog.hatnote.com/post/155074058790'
           >>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://localhost/a/b/c/')
           >>> url.click(u'../d/./e').to_text()
           u'http://localhost/a/b/d/e'

        Args:
            href (unicode): A string representing a clicked URL.

        Return:
            URL: A copy of the current URL with navigation logic applied.

        For more information, see `RFC 3986 section 5`_.

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            >>> print(url.to_iri().to_text())
            https://ايران.example.com/foo⇧bar/

        .. note::

            As a general Python issue, "narrow" (UCS-2) builds of
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        Returns:
            str: The serialized textual representation of this URL,
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            >>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').add(u'x', u'z')
            URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y&x=z')

        Args:
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            value (unicode): The value of the query parameter to add. The
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            >>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').set(u'x', u'z')
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        Args:
            name (unicode): The name of the query parameter to set. The
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            value (unicode): The value of the query parameter to set. The
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